Diabetes mellitus belongs to the group of endocrine diseases. In the event of a violation of production or effect on the insulin tissue - the pathology develops - the hormone of the island apparatus of the pancreas, which contributes to the absorption of glucose. Sugar can accumulate in the blood (hyperglycemia) and urine (glycosuria).
A long violation of glucose disposal leads to a disturbance of all types of metabolism. The pathology of the island apparatus often runs with different severity due to disorders of other organs and systems with different severity. The disarmament of small vessels, retina, kidneys and nervous system are characteristic.
Typically, diabetes mellitus has fairly pronounced metabolic deviations and can be easily diagnosed. It is more difficult to identify the disease in the initial and preclinical stage if the patient's symptoms are minimal or not available. This requires a targeted study. The identification of the disease in the early stages is an important disease for effective treatment and prevention prevention.
If you have to undergo a comprehensive examination for endocrinopathy or you are looking for where you can only heal diabetes mellitus to professional doctors. The services of patients are experienced endocrinologists and laboratories with modern diagnostic devices for high -precision research.
The main symptoms of diabetes mellitus
This disease is characterized by a number of symptoms and objective characteristics that are determined by laboratory diagnosis tests. The first manifestations of diabetes are very different. Separate signs or a group of symptoms that can indicate the disease include:
- Specific metabolic disorders - change of body weight, thirst, increased urination, constant feeling of hunger;
- General non -specific complaints - loss of strength, fatigue with minor loads, sleepiness, muscle weakness;
- Dry skin, itching in the genital area, around the anus;
- Often recurring, sluggish wound healing;
- Painful dry mouth, a feeling of swelling of the oral mucosa;
- bad condition of the teeth, inappropriate for age;
- Neurites with impaired peripheral sensitivity;
- Change of sexual, reproductive functions - loss of attraction, infertility, birth of large babies;
- Defeat of the organs of seeing;
- Complaints from the cardiovascular system.
Often the symptoms do not cause the patient, and he does not consider it necessary to consult a doctor. Sometimes all the manifestations of the disease are missing, and hyperglycemia is only found with a planned examination.
The most characteristic for the pathology of the island apparatus is complaints of the metabolism:
- Polyuria (fast urination). In hypoinsulinism, urinisulation often occurs in large quantities. The daily volumes exceed 3 liters. The urination of day is without pain.
- Polydipy (thirst). An increased thirst is due to dehydration. The amount of drunk liquid exceeds 3 liters. Patients often prefer sweetened drinks to breastfeed the thirst.
- Weight change. A decrease in body weight is due to the loss of liquid, proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Obesity can precede the disease or contribute to its development.
- Polyphaage (increased appetite). Preference for sweet foods that are rich in carbohydrates. In the early stages of the disease, hunger manifests itself more often in the form of painful seizures.
If pathological signs of diabetics or a diagnostic center for a targeted examination are found in the hospital.
Factors that influence the development of diabetes mellitus
In the mechanisms of the development of diabetes, two important points are differentiated, on the basis of which the disease is divided into types:
- Low insulin production of Pankreas intra sector cells.
- Violation of the ability of the hormone to act on the body, the immunity of cells against insulin.
In the case of inadequate insulin products, type -1 diabetes develops. It is based on the progressive destruction of the islands of Langergans (intra -regional pancreatic cells). This is done due to autoimmune processes in the body - antibodies against insulin, secretoric cell structures and enzymes are produced.
The provocative factors in the development of autoimmune diseases can serve:
- Virus infections;
- Violation of nutrition during pregnancy during feeding;
- unfavorable environmental situation;
- Stress campaign.
Type -1 diabetes are more often diagnosed in young people. The first manifestations of pathology occur when the death of intra -regional cells reaches more than 80%. The disease is with a high risk of complication, all types of metabolism suffer significantly.
Type -2 diabetes occurs with the immunity of tissue receptors against the effect of insulin. In this case, the hormone is reproduced in normal or slightly reduced quantities. The mechanism of such violations is associated with the initially inferior insulin structure (hereditary disposition) or acquired changes, whereby the signal transmission of receptors is violated to the inner structures of the cell.
Provision the development of a type -2 disease:
- Improper nutritional diet, excessive food;
- sitting lifestyle;
- Hypertension;
- Alcohol abuse;
- Age -related changes;
- Obesity;
- Uncontrolled medication.
Diagnosis Diagnostic methods
According to statistics, around 2 or 5% of the population all over the world suffer from diabetes. The number of people with a latent course or the illness predisposed is much more. With identified hyperglycaemia, you can prevent serious complications.
The main method for diagnostic disorder is laboratory tests. The most reliable sign of an impaired metabolism is an increase in blood sugar on empty stomach of more than 6, 1 mmol/l and 2 hours after the meal - over 11, 1 mmol/l. In the event of dubious results, a glucosotlerant test is used.
People under the age of 45 are recommended to examine blood sugar levels at least every 3 years. A screening exam for endangered people is required annually:
- Obesity;
- Age after 45 years;
- hereditary disposition;
- Increased glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride.
Patients from the risk group and with an already identified disease require a more thorough study according to laboratory and instrumental methods. Equipment in centers or clinics for the treatment of diabetes corresponds to the global diagnostic standards.
Modern Clinics offers various diabetes treatment programs that aim to determine metabolic disorders and complications in the early stages. This includes:
- Biochemical blood test (all necessary indicators - glucose, lipid spectrum, protein, transaminase, potassium, urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium);
- Clinical blood test;
- Urine analysis;
- Inspection of an ophthalmologist;
- Duplex scanning of the main arteries of the head;
- Consultation of endocrinologists.
The examination of the glycated hemoglobin in the blood for long-term control over glucose (the last 2-3 months) and the quality of the therapy quality is of particular importance. The test is included in the standard of special care and should be carried out to all patients with diabetes every 3 months.
The methodology for determining this indicator requires high equipment and the interpretation of data. At the center for the treatment of diabetes, the modern equipment of the laboratory enables the results with high accuracy without an analysis. The services of patients are experienced specialists, a broad profile of diagnostic skills, the latest research and treatment technologies.
Diabetes treatment methods
There are no effective ways to heal completely. In most cases, the treatment of diabetes is reduced to the achievement of stable indicators for glucose levels in the blood, the prevention of late complications and the normalization of the lipid blood spectrum and blood pressure level.
All patients have to stick to a diet. It is recommended to limit fast carbohydrates to compensate for the protein ratio (20%), fats (20%) and carbohydrates (60%). The calorie content of food must correspond to physical activity. In mild cases, it is possible to compensate for pathology with a diet.
All patients are trained in self -control. The patient determines the capillary blood sugar content even with portable glucometers. The long -term monitoring of indicators and the effectiveness of therapy are controlled by an endocrinologist.
Medicinal treatment includes taking oral sugar fat ingredients and insulin therapy. Indications for replacement therapy with insulin:
- All patients with type -1 diabetes;
- Inefficiency of other types of treatment;
- Signs of decompensation of metabolic disorders;
- Ketoazidosis;
- Intolerance to oral sugar shovers;
- Far -go bankreas.
Criteria for compensation for metabolic disorders:
- The degree of glycated hemoglobin is less than 7%.
- Blood glucose on an empty stomach without 5, 0 to 6, 5 mmol/l.
- Blood sugar after 2 hours after eating without 8-10 mmol/l.
- Blood sugar before going to bed - less than 7, 5 mmol/l.
- Blood cholesterol - less than 4, 8 mmol/l.
- Triglyceride without 1, 7-1, 8 mmol/l.
- Arteria printing - less than 130/80 mm ed.
An important illness for adequate control over the disease is the choice of an experienced specialist. If you have to undergo an examination or treatment of diabetes in a hospital, you carefully select clinics that offer quality and professional services.